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The Resource Understanding Test and Exam Results Statistically : An Essential Guide

Understanding Test and Exam Results Statistically : An Essential Guide

Creator
Language
eng
Work
Publication
Extent
1 online resource (158 pages)
Contents
  • On Good (And Bad) Educational Statistics -- In Lieu of a Preface -- Reference -- Contents -- About the Author -- Statistical Interpretation of Test/Exam Results -- 1 On Average: How Good Are They? -- 1.1 Average Is Attractive and Powerful -- 1.2 Is Average a Good Indictor? -- 1.2.1 Average of Marks -- 1.2.2 Average of Ratings -- 1.3 Two Meanings of Average -- 1.4 Other Averages -- 1.5 Additional Information Is Needed -- 1.6 The Painful Truth of Average -- 2 On Percentage: How Much Are There? -- 2.1 Predicting with Non-perfect Certainty -- 2.2 Danger in Combining Percentages -- 2.3 Watch Out for the Base -- 2.4 What Is in a Percentage? -- 2.5 Just Think About This -- Reference -- 3 On Standard Deviation: How Different Are They? -- 3.1 First, Just Deviation -- 3.2 Next, Standard -- 3.3 Discrepancy in Computer Outputs -- 3.4 Another Use of the SD -- 3.5 Standardized Scores -- 3.6 Scores Are not at the Same Type of Measurement -- 3.7 A Caution -- Reference -- 4 On Difference: Is that Big Enough? -- 4.1 Meaningless Comparisons -- 4.2 Meaningful Comparison -- 4.3 Effect Size: Another Use the SD -- 4.4 Substantive Meaning and Spurious Precision -- 4.5 Multiple Comparison -- 4.6 Common but Unwarranted Comparisons -- References -- 5 On Correlation: What Is Between Them? -- 5.1 Correlations: Foundation of Education Systems -- 5.2 Correlations Among Subjects -- 5.3 Calculation of Correlation Coefficients -- 5.4 Interpretation of Correlation -- 5.5 Causal Direction -- 5.6 Cautions -- 5.7 Conclusion -- Reference -- 6 On Regression: How Much Does It Depend? -- 6.1 Meanings of Regression -- 6.2 Uses of Regression -- 6.3 Procedure of Regression -- 6.4 Cautions -- 7 On Multiple Regression: What Is the Future? -- 7.1 One Use of Multiple Regression -- 7.2 Predictive Power of Predictors -- 7.3 Another Use of Multiple Regression -- 7.4 R-Square and Adjusted R-Square
  • 7.5 Cautions -- 7.6 Concluding Note -- References -- 8 On Ranking: Who Is the Fairest of Them All? -- 8.1 Where Does Singapore Stand in the World? -- 8.2 Ranking in Education -- 8.3 Is There a Real Difference? -- 8.4 Forced Ranking/Distribution -- 8.5 Combined Scores for Ranking -- 8.6 Conclusion -- 9 On Association: Are They Independent? -- 9.1 A Simplest Case: 2 {u00D7} 2 Contingency Table -- 9.2 A More Complex Case: 2 {u00D7} 4 Contingency Table -- 9.3 Even More Complex Case -- 9.4 If the Worse Come to the Worse -- 9.5 End Note -- References -- Measurement Involving Statistics -- 10 On Measurement Error: How Much Can We Trust Test Scores? -- 10.1 An Experiment in Marking -- 10.2 A Score (Mark) Is not a Point -- 10.3 Minimizing Measurement Error -- 10.4 Does Banding Help? -- Reference -- 11 On Grades and Marks: How not to Get Confused? -- 11.1 Same Label, Many Numbers -- 11.2 Two Kinds of Numbers -- 11.3 From Labels to Numbers -- 11.4 Possible Alternatives -- 11.5 Quantifying Written Answers -- 11.6 Still Confused? -- Reference -- 12 On Tests: How Well Do They Serve? -- 12.1 Summative Tests -- 12.2 Selection Tests -- 12.3 Formative Tests -- 12.4 Diagnostic Tests -- 12.5 Summing up -- References -- 13 On Item-Analysis: How Effective Are the Items? -- 13.1 Facility -- 13.2 Discrimination -- 13.3 Options Analysis -- 13.4 Follow-up -- 13.5 Post-assessment Analysis -- 13.6 Concluding Note -- Reference -- 14 On Reliability: Are the Scores Stable? -- 14.1 Meaning of Reliability -- 14.2 Factors Affecting Reliability -- 14.3 Checking Reliability -- 14.3.1 Internal Consistency -- 14.3.2 Split-Half Reliability -- 14.3.3 Test-Retest Reliability -- 14.3.4 Parallel-Forms Reliability -- 14.4 Which Reliability and How Good Should It Be? -- 15 On Validity: Are the Scores Relevant? -- 15.1 Meaning of Validity -- 15.2 Relation Between Reliability and Validity -- Reference
  • 16 On Consequences: What Happens to the Students, Teachers, and Curriculum? -- 16.1 Consequences to Students -- 16.2 Consequences to Teachers -- 16.3 Consequences to Curriculum -- 16.4 Conclusion -- References -- 17 On Above-Level Testing: What's Right and Wrong with It? -- 17.1 Above-Level Testing in Singapore -- 17.2 Assumed Benefits -- 17.3 Probable (Undesirable) Consequences -- 17.4 Statistical Perspective -- 17.5 The Way Ahead -- 17.6 Conclusion -- References -- 18 On Fairness: Are Your Tests and Examinations Fair? -- 18.1 Dimensions of Test Fairness -- 18.2 Ensuring High Qualities -- 18.3 Ensuring Test Fairness Through Item Fairness -- References -- Epilogue -- Appendix A: A Test Analysis Report -- A.1 Students -- A.2 Item-Analysis -- A.3 Reliability -- A.4 Comparisons -- A.5 Correlations and Multiple Regression -- A.6 Summary and Conclusion -- A.7 Recommendations -- Appendix B: A Note on the Calculation of Statistics -- B.1 Using Excel -- B.2 Excel functions -- B.3 Web-Based Calculators -- Appendix C: Interesting and Useful Websites -- C.1 Recommended Readings -- C.2 For Calculation
Isbn
9789811015816
Link
http://libproxy.rpi.edu/login?url=https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rpi/detail.action?docID=4635311
Instance
Label
Understanding Test and Exam Results Statistically : An Essential Guide
Title
Understanding Test and Exam Results Statistically
Title remainder
An Essential Guide
Creator
Subject
Language
eng
Member of
Cataloging source
MiAaPQ
Literary form
non fiction
Nature of contents
dictionaries
Series statement
Springer Texts in Education Ser
Understanding Test and Exam Results Statistically : An Essential Guide
Label
Understanding Test and Exam Results Statistically : An Essential Guide
Link
http://libproxy.rpi.edu/login?url=https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/rpi/detail.action?docID=4635311
Publication
Copyright
Related Contributor
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Carrier category
online resource
Carrier category code
cr
Carrier MARC source
rdacarrier
Color
multicolored
Content category
text
Content type code
txt
Content type MARC source
rdacontent
Contents
  • On Good (And Bad) Educational Statistics -- In Lieu of a Preface -- Reference -- Contents -- About the Author -- Statistical Interpretation of Test/Exam Results -- 1 On Average: How Good Are They? -- 1.1 Average Is Attractive and Powerful -- 1.2 Is Average a Good Indictor? -- 1.2.1 Average of Marks -- 1.2.2 Average of Ratings -- 1.3 Two Meanings of Average -- 1.4 Other Averages -- 1.5 Additional Information Is Needed -- 1.6 The Painful Truth of Average -- 2 On Percentage: How Much Are There? -- 2.1 Predicting with Non-perfect Certainty -- 2.2 Danger in Combining Percentages -- 2.3 Watch Out for the Base -- 2.4 What Is in a Percentage? -- 2.5 Just Think About This -- Reference -- 3 On Standard Deviation: How Different Are They? -- 3.1 First, Just Deviation -- 3.2 Next, Standard -- 3.3 Discrepancy in Computer Outputs -- 3.4 Another Use of the SD -- 3.5 Standardized Scores -- 3.6 Scores Are not at the Same Type of Measurement -- 3.7 A Caution -- Reference -- 4 On Difference: Is that Big Enough? -- 4.1 Meaningless Comparisons -- 4.2 Meaningful Comparison -- 4.3 Effect Size: Another Use the SD -- 4.4 Substantive Meaning and Spurious Precision -- 4.5 Multiple Comparison -- 4.6 Common but Unwarranted Comparisons -- References -- 5 On Correlation: What Is Between Them? -- 5.1 Correlations: Foundation of Education Systems -- 5.2 Correlations Among Subjects -- 5.3 Calculation of Correlation Coefficients -- 5.4 Interpretation of Correlation -- 5.5 Causal Direction -- 5.6 Cautions -- 5.7 Conclusion -- Reference -- 6 On Regression: How Much Does It Depend? -- 6.1 Meanings of Regression -- 6.2 Uses of Regression -- 6.3 Procedure of Regression -- 6.4 Cautions -- 7 On Multiple Regression: What Is the Future? -- 7.1 One Use of Multiple Regression -- 7.2 Predictive Power of Predictors -- 7.3 Another Use of Multiple Regression -- 7.4 R-Square and Adjusted R-Square
  • 7.5 Cautions -- 7.6 Concluding Note -- References -- 8 On Ranking: Who Is the Fairest of Them All? -- 8.1 Where Does Singapore Stand in the World? -- 8.2 Ranking in Education -- 8.3 Is There a Real Difference? -- 8.4 Forced Ranking/Distribution -- 8.5 Combined Scores for Ranking -- 8.6 Conclusion -- 9 On Association: Are They Independent? -- 9.1 A Simplest Case: 2 {u00D7} 2 Contingency Table -- 9.2 A More Complex Case: 2 {u00D7} 4 Contingency Table -- 9.3 Even More Complex Case -- 9.4 If the Worse Come to the Worse -- 9.5 End Note -- References -- Measurement Involving Statistics -- 10 On Measurement Error: How Much Can We Trust Test Scores? -- 10.1 An Experiment in Marking -- 10.2 A Score (Mark) Is not a Point -- 10.3 Minimizing Measurement Error -- 10.4 Does Banding Help? -- Reference -- 11 On Grades and Marks: How not to Get Confused? -- 11.1 Same Label, Many Numbers -- 11.2 Two Kinds of Numbers -- 11.3 From Labels to Numbers -- 11.4 Possible Alternatives -- 11.5 Quantifying Written Answers -- 11.6 Still Confused? -- Reference -- 12 On Tests: How Well Do They Serve? -- 12.1 Summative Tests -- 12.2 Selection Tests -- 12.3 Formative Tests -- 12.4 Diagnostic Tests -- 12.5 Summing up -- References -- 13 On Item-Analysis: How Effective Are the Items? -- 13.1 Facility -- 13.2 Discrimination -- 13.3 Options Analysis -- 13.4 Follow-up -- 13.5 Post-assessment Analysis -- 13.6 Concluding Note -- Reference -- 14 On Reliability: Are the Scores Stable? -- 14.1 Meaning of Reliability -- 14.2 Factors Affecting Reliability -- 14.3 Checking Reliability -- 14.3.1 Internal Consistency -- 14.3.2 Split-Half Reliability -- 14.3.3 Test-Retest Reliability -- 14.3.4 Parallel-Forms Reliability -- 14.4 Which Reliability and How Good Should It Be? -- 15 On Validity: Are the Scores Relevant? -- 15.1 Meaning of Validity -- 15.2 Relation Between Reliability and Validity -- Reference
  • 16 On Consequences: What Happens to the Students, Teachers, and Curriculum? -- 16.1 Consequences to Students -- 16.2 Consequences to Teachers -- 16.3 Consequences to Curriculum -- 16.4 Conclusion -- References -- 17 On Above-Level Testing: What's Right and Wrong with It? -- 17.1 Above-Level Testing in Singapore -- 17.2 Assumed Benefits -- 17.3 Probable (Undesirable) Consequences -- 17.4 Statistical Perspective -- 17.5 The Way Ahead -- 17.6 Conclusion -- References -- 18 On Fairness: Are Your Tests and Examinations Fair? -- 18.1 Dimensions of Test Fairness -- 18.2 Ensuring High Qualities -- 18.3 Ensuring Test Fairness Through Item Fairness -- References -- Epilogue -- Appendix A: A Test Analysis Report -- A.1 Students -- A.2 Item-Analysis -- A.3 Reliability -- A.4 Comparisons -- A.5 Correlations and Multiple Regression -- A.6 Summary and Conclusion -- A.7 Recommendations -- Appendix B: A Note on the Calculation of Statistics -- B.1 Using Excel -- B.2 Excel functions -- B.3 Web-Based Calculators -- Appendix C: Interesting and Useful Websites -- C.1 Recommended Readings -- C.2 For Calculation
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1 online resource (158 pages)
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9789811015816
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